Social Interaction A Sociological Imagination - 976 Words

Social interaction occurs between all individuals in society and can be studied through the use of the sociological imagination. A sociological imagination allows one to link their everyday activities and situations to society as a whole. I can study my own personal social interactions and the situations I encounter by applying concepts, theories, and perspectives that sociologists have developed for analyzing society and social situations. Although I encounter situations on a day-to-day basis, one notable example would be when I volunteered at the soup kitchen, where I had to control my emotions and play a specific role as part of my volunteer position. During my time at the soup kitchen, I had to utilize emotion management when dealing with people and situations in which it would have been inappropriate for me to react in the way that I would otherwise have wanted to. Emotion management is the act of obeying â€Å"feeling rules† and responding appropriately to situations (Brym and Lie 2012:77). For example, when a homeless man came into the soup kitchen and started to dance and shout instead of calmly sitting down and eating his meal, I courteously asked him to sit down and to try not to disturb the other guests of the establishment. Regardless of any initial emotions of fear, annoyance, or confusion, I had to respond appropriately to the situation by controlling my emotions and engaging in acceptable behavior. I especially had to utilize emotion labor, which is distinguishedShow MoreRelatedThe Concepts Following Sociological Imagination675 Words   |  3 Pages In this essay I’ll be talking about Sociological Imagin ation and the concepts following it and more especially the importance of it. Sociological Imagination is one of the core concepts of Sociology whereas Sociology is all about studying people within the society and what they do. Sociological imagination is all about using one’s mind to see how people are affected by tangible and intangible things around them. Sociological imagination is affected by social forces which are forces that influenceRead MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills969 Words   |  4 Pages C. Wright Mills defined sociological imagination as the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society. Understanding and being able to exercise the sociological imagination helps us understand the relationship between the individual and society. Mills focuses on the distinction between personal troubles and public issues. Having sociological imagination is critical for individual people and societies at large to understand. It is important that people areRead MoreAnalysis Of Dalton Conley s You May Ask Yourself 1267 Words   |  6 Pages You May Ask Yourself, defines sociological imagination as, â€Å"The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces† (Conley 2015, pg. A-11). Sociological Imagination is the idea of being able to step outside of the box, and evaluate society from an alternative point of view. Symbolic Interactionism, norms, socialization, and the idea of understanding yourself vs. understanding the social aspect of society, are some ofRead MoreSociology and Sociological Imagination978 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Issue Sociology and Sociological imagination Sociology is the scientific study of human behavior in a social context that looks the values, attitudes and composition of a given society. 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This mirror has become a doorway that will help one to have a beginner’s mindRead MoreThe Concept Of Sociological Imagination : Connecting History987 Words   |  4 PagesSociology 3 October 2014 The Concept of Sociological Imagination: Connecting History to Biography C. Wright Mills believed that sociological imagination connects history and biography by means of cause and effect. Society and all things surrounding it have a particular interconnection when it comes to change. As a result, one major alteration to everyday society causes human relationships in history to adapt to change. History is altered by man, without human interaction and the exponential growth of historicalRead More Sociological Imagination Essay582 Words   |  3 Pages To understand the term `Sociological Imagination, it is important to identify what Sociology is and what do sociologists study. It is also vital to look at the three basic concerns of the sociological imagination or perspective, which include Social Structure, Social Institutions and Social Processes. Moreover, it is necessary to understand what C. Wright Mills means when he mentions the personal troubles of milieu and the public issues of social structure, and how it helps usRead MoreWhy You Are Performing Heart Surgery Or Scanning Grocery Items For A Living1665 Words   |  7 PagesWhether you are performing heart surgery or scanning grocery items for a living, you have a social location that pinpoints where you land on the social spectrum. A social location is the social position that an individual maintains within their society and is based on certain characteristics believed to be significant by American society. Income and position of employment is not the sole factor in determining a social location. These other factors include, but not limited to, education, job, gender, ageRead MoreSociological Imagination, By C. Wright Mills Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesI SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION CONCEPTUALIZATION As conceived by C. Wright Mills, sociological imagination is the mental ability to establish intelligible relations among social structure and personal biography that is observing and seeing the impact of society over our private lives. Sociological imagination helps an individual to understand on a much larger scale the meaning and effect of society on of one’s daily life experience. People blame themselves for their own personal problems and they themselvesRead MoreSociology WA11747 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿A) Compare and contrast the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist theoretical approaches to the study of society. How does each approach view society, the individual, social order, and social change? Your textbook analyzes sports in terms of various perspectives. Using the analysis of sports as a model, analyze the role of television from the functional, conflict, and interactionist approaches. The approach one takes to study a particular subject is called a perspective. There are many subjects

Is Stem Cell Research Ethical - 1845 Words

Jessica Chaney Professor June 1, 2015 Project Report Is stem Cell Research Ethical A stem cell is not ready to be a cell, but it has the ability to become different types of cells throughout the human body. There are two types of stem cells: adult stems cells and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are produced when a newly fertilized egg begins to divide. These stem cells can become any type of cell in the body. (American Medical Association) Adult stem cells – somewhat of an inaccurate name, because they can also be found in infants and children. These are stem cells that reside in already developed tissue. Also these stem cells can act like a repair system and help the human body, dividing regularly into different cells to provide new specialized cells to take the place of those that have died or are lost. Tissues where adult stem cells can be been found include the brain, blood, muscle, skin and bone. Research with adult stem cells has been limited due to the difficulty in growing and differentiating them under laboratory conditions. (Amer ican Medical Association) For years, researchers have been studying the biology of stem cells to figure out how development works and to find new ways of treating humans with health problems. Because stem cells can give way to any tissue found in the body, they provide nearly limitless abilities for medical treatments. Current studies on researching how stem cells may be used to prevent or cure diseases and injuriesShow MoreRelatedIs Stem Cell Research Ethical?1252 Words   |  6 Pages Is Stem Cell Research Ethical? The question that has been asked so many times, is stem cell research ethical? To argue ethics over this topic, one must first know what a stem cell is.Stem Cells are â€Å"cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells† (Stem Cell Basics: Introduction). The National Institutes of Health say that stem cells are distinguished for two different reasons. The first is â€Å"they are unspecialized cells capable of renewingRead MoreIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical?951 Words   |  4 PagesIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical? The introduction and expansion of embryonic stem cell research initiated a highly debated ethical topic. Can our society agree to disagree? What are embryonic stem cells? What are stem cells? Is all stem cell research considered abortion? Debates surrounding embryonic stem cell research is further complicated by social standards and needs, religious beliefs, and personal morals. In November of 1998, a group of researchers announced that theyRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research1759 Words   |  8 Pagesfields within stem cell research and the one under the most scrutiny is embryonic stem cell research. To be able to use their stem cells without killing them has not been developed yet, so many articles on ethical concerns of stem cell research are focused on this specific topic. Many areas of science are treated as unethical, but stem cell research, which is considered the worst,could single-handedly reshape the world as we know it. Description of Stem Cells Unlike the other cells that make upRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research Essay1986 Words   |  8 Pagesfields within stem cell research and the one under the most scrutiny is embryonic stem cell research. To be able to use their stem cells without killing them has not been developed yet, so many articles on ethical concerns of stem cell research are focused on this specific topic. Many areas of science are treated as unethical, but stem cell research, which is considered the worst,could single-handedly reshape the world as we know it. Description of Stem Cells Unlike the other cells that make upRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research1508 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Concerns of Stem Cell Research This day in age disease, infection, disorders and mysterious syndromes are more present now than ever. */***You forget to wash your hands after using the restroom? You just spread viruses like E.Coli and put someone s life in danger*/***. But in a world full of diseases that are seemingly becoming harsher and more resistant to conventional treatments, answers to the latest ailments are popping up in the form of miniscule pieces biological tissue called stemRead MoreThe Ethical Implications Of Stem Cell Research2147 Words   |  9 Pages As scientific research broadens its scope to accommodate new technology and theories, controversial issues are debated and inspected, all in hopes of finding answers to long awaited scientific questions. Though science has come across many ethical road blocks set forth by the government, lawyers, and even the community it has continued to move forward in the hopes of encountering creative, constructive, and confounding new ways of creating cures for problems seen by many. Bioethics, as defined byRead MoreEssay on Stem Cell Research: An Ethical Interpretation1946 Words   |  8 Pagessolution to these sicknesses was inside the very people they torment. Stem cell research is undeniably a heated topic in today’s world. Supporters claim it is saving lives, however, from the opposition, it is viewed as murderous. Both sides present a strong argument and have respectable pros and cons. Despite the opposing side’s argument, it is in the United States’ best interest to invest tax money into stem cell research because it has already proved successful in advancing out nation scientificallyRead MoreThe Ethical Debate of Embryonic Stem Cell Research2359 Words   |  10 PagesStem cell research is often at the forefront of heated ethical debates due to its assessment of human life. If stem cell research cannot be ethically defended, then it should not be conducted. â€Å"You cannot defend a study ethically unless the presumed cost is lower than expected benefits. The cost-benefit analysis of scientific research needs to include human/animal discomfort/risks, environmental issues, material costs, etc† which is necessary to support the positive outcome which the research claimsRead MoreEthical Issues Surrounding Stem Cell Research4683 Words   |  19 PagesIntroduction Stem cell research, one of the most exciting and controversial ethical issues in medicine today, continuously makes headlines with new developments. This topic concerns medical professionals, scientists, ethics forums, and even politicians, but many people do not know what to conclude from the controversy surrounding it. Dr. Elizabeth Crouch1, a genetics professor of the Biomedical Science Department of Texas A M University, argues that it is vital that students entering medicineRead MoreHuman Stem Cell Research : Ethical Dilemmas With The Utility Of Embryonic Stem Cells1879 Words   |  8 PagesTrevor McCarthy Human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) research possesses ethical dilemmas with the utility of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from human blastocyst, one of the earliest stages of embryonic development. Embryonic stem cell derivation is controversial because there are different opinions and beliefs on when an embryo is deserving of full moral status, equal to the moral respect, rights and treatment to that of a human being. ESCs extracted from a blastocyst will undergo experimentation

Antigone And Ismene Essay Example For Students

Antigone And Ismene Essay Antigone and IsmeneThe personalities of the two sisters; Antigone and Ismene, are asdifferent from one another as tempered steel is from a ball of cotton. One ishard and resistant; the other: pliable, absorbing and soft. Antigone wouldhave been a strong, successful 90s type woman with her liberated and strongattitude towards her femininity, while Ismene seems to be a more dependent1950s style woman. Antigone acts as a free spirit, a defiant individual,while Ismene is content to recognize her own limitations and her inferiority ofbeing a woman. In the Greek tragedy Antigone, by Sophocles; Antigone learns thatKing Creon has refused to give a proper burial for the slain Polyneices,brother of Ismene and Antigone. Infuriated by this injustice, Antigone sharesthe tragic news with Ismene. From her first response, No, I have heardnothing(344). Ismene reveals her passivity and helplessness in the light ofCreons decree. Thus, from the start, Ismene is characterized as traditionallyfeminine, a helpless woman that pays no mind to political affairs. Doubtingthe wisdom of her sisters plan to break the law and bury Polyneices, Ismeneargues:We who are women should not contend with men;we who are weak are ruled by the stronger, so thatwe must obey.(346)Once again Ismenes words clearly state her weak, feminine character andhelplessness within her own dimensions. Antigone, not happy with her sistersresponse chides her sister for not participating in her crime and for herpassivity, saying, Set your own life in order(346). For Antigone, no la wcould stand in the way of her strong consideration of her brothers spirit, noteven the punishment of an early death. Ismene is more practical ; knowing thetask is impossible, she feels the situation to be hopeless. It is a wonder, which of the two sisters are really guilty of thesechronic charges. Of coarse, Antigone acted so quickly, and failed to take theadvice of the moderate sister, Ismene. Instead, going against Creons words,Antigone rashly goes ahead and breaks the law. Antigone is a fool, she mustlearn that such defiance, even when justified, is not conductive to longevity. Although Antigone is foolish, she is also courageous and motivated by hermorals. Proper burial of the dead was, according to the Greeks, prerequisitefor the souls entrance into a permanent home. Therefore, perhaps Ismene isalso foolish for her quick refusal to help Antigone perform the duty ofPolyneices proper burial. Ismene definitely seems hasty in her acceptance ofpersonal weakness. Perhaps in some way, both sisters are guilty of the sametragic sins. Perhaps it is this rashness, more subdued in Ismenes case, thatleads both sisters to their own destruction. To my surprise, there is a strange twist in both sisters charactertowards the end of the play. Antigone makes a rather contrasting statement,Not for my children, had I been a mother, Not for a husband, for his molderingbody, Would i have set myself against the city As I have done(368) Thesewords defy rational explanation. To judge from her attitude towards authorityand law, Antigone would probably take on any task to preserve family dignityand human justice. In Ismenes final words, she abandons her practicalattitudes with a sudden rush of devotion towards the sister she abandoned intime of need. Let me stand beside you and do honor the dead(358). Ismeneheroically takes a stand and shares Antigones crime. The two sisters were crushed by the vindictive Creon, yet they werewinners in spirit, in their determination , they died together, as one. Nobility shall live in their hearts forever.

Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals

Theories have been suggested towards the psychotic like traits in animals that have been subjected to psychoactive drugs. The proposed theories were accompanied by research experiments to evaluate the effects of psychoactive drug testing in animals. Psycho active drugs refers to drugs that have a significant effect on the behavioral characteristics of animals; both human and non human organisms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The alterations in behavioral traits of animals due to psychoactive drugs are primarily attributed to the changes in the brain functions or inhibition of certain brain components in animals which ultimately translates to changes in moods, behavior, and consciousness of the animals. Psychoactive drugs are known to bring subjective changes with regard to consciousness, for instance alertness that is observed in animals that have been subjected to psychoactive drugs such as caffeine and cocaine. Apart from psychoactive medications, there are many other substances that are responsible for psychotropic behaviors in animals. Such drug substances include alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, opium, caffeine, heroine and nicotine that are well known to have profound effects on animals such as cats, spiders, rats and other animals (Stahl 159). Psychoactive drugs can be classified primarily into four categories: antipsychotics which are used for treatment of states of agitation; antidepressants which are used for depression treatment; mood stabilizers; anxiolytics which are used to treat anxiety states; physiostimulants which are used to increase the physical performance of the animal’s body; Nootropics which assists in the cognitive functions of the human brain (Spiegel Hossein 135). This research paper attempts to explain the theories, hypotheses and effects of psychoactive drugs on animal drug testing. Theo ry oriented issues on psychoactive drugs Research in the field of psychopharmacology have inferred the probability of utilizing psychoactive drugs using experimental approach for theory oriented objectives: a central research strategy for the physiological psychology is through the administration of psychotic drugs to human and non human organisms (Stahl 145). Theoretical approach is different from the other classical approaches to psychopharmacology such as lesions which attempt to evaluate the effects of different doses (in terms of quantifiability and reversibility) to evaluate the effects of psychoactive drugs on animals. The only feasible method to study the effect of psychoactive substances in animals, for example rats and mice is through experimental administration of the psychoactive drugs into the animals and monitoring behavioral and performance traits (Spiegel Hossein 202).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your firs t paper with 15% OFF Learn More Questions concerning the relationship between behavioral characteristics and the animal brain may be evaluated through establishing the relationship between the dopaminergic functions, and specific aspects that are vital in determining attention and motivation. Theory oriented approach towards pharmacology emphasized on the relationship between changes in animal behavioral traits and drug actions. It was shown that test subjects with high levels agitation had responded differently to psychoactive drugs compared to those with less anxiety. This difference in response is asserted by the theory of activation; due to the different levels of arousals which is subjective to the levels of and agitation in the animals under test (Spiegel Hossein 205). Hypotheses in psychopharmacology The hypothetical approach towards psychopharmacology was due to the need to have analytical explanations of the physiological and psychological concepts that are relate d to the effects of psychoactive drugs on animals. Early speculations suggested disturbance on the in the brain in terms of biological perspectives, but analytical approaches that were required to approve or disapprove the suggestions were not obtainable; therefore, the rise of hypothetical approaches towards psychopharmacology. Some of the suggested hypotheses are outlined below (Spiegel Hossein 150). The serotonin hypothesis of Schizophrenia This hypothesis was first postulated by Woolley and Shaw; two American biochemists, during 1954. The hypothesis stated that Schizophrenia like traits that are exhibited in animals is primarily due to disturbances during the setoninenergic neurotransmission in the animal brain (Stahl Lerer 160). Schizophrenic traits in animals include rapid changes in the animal personality and moods of the animal test subject. The hypothesis has a number of supporting facts which include: the psychotropic actions of the LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), whic h has the capability to trigger alterations in perceptions, thoughts and also feelings in the animal’s brain. The LSD also has the capabilities to block the activity of serotonin which was proved later in various tests (Stahl Lerer 162). Woolley and Shaw were of the view that serotonin is present in the animal brain and functions as a neurotransmitter, it was therefore speculated the psychotropic effects in animals associated with LSD’s ability to resist the effects of the serotonin on the animal brain; therefore it was reached that disturbances in the serotoninergic neurotransmission is primarily responsible for psychotropic disorders in the animal test subjects (Stahl Lerer 162).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite of the enough scientific evidence and appeal, the serotonin hypothesis of Schizophrenia was soon refuted due to its conflict psychopathological and pharmacology research finding that revealed that the psychotic symptoms in animal test subjects that associated with LSD differ from the typical symptoms that are associated schizophrenia. Although this hypothesis was refuted fast, it was important in two aspects: it facilitated the proposition of serotonin assay methods and provided proof that serotonin is not present in the brain, it also served as a prototype for the other forthcoming hypotheses (Stahl Lerer 163). The dopamine Hypotheses of Schizophrenia The drawback of the serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia was that it lacked direct correlation with the properties associated with psychoactive drugs. The context of dopamine hypothesis is different because all known psychoactive substances have an inhibitory effect in the dopaminergic neurons in the animal brain, although they differ with respect to pharmacological side effects on humans. The hypothesis assumes that the antipsychotic nat ure of chlorpromazine and other similar neuropletics is significantly determined by their cataleptic potential; their capability to induce catalepsy in animals. This hypothesis lost its credibility during the discovery that thiorodazine, which is a similar neuropletic to chlorpromazine had little effects (Stahl Lerer 155). Despite the critic that followed the hypothesis, there were a number of adjustments to the dopamine hypothesis on schizophrenia. The argument of the hypothesis that neuropletics act through blocking of the post synaptic dopamine receptors is still consistent with majority of pharmacological research observations (Stahl Lerer 155). The catecholamine hypothesis of Depression The hypothesis was first suggested during 1965 by J. Schildkraut. The hypothesis states that majority of depression like behavior in animals are due to part or total deficiency of catecholamine, which functions at the receptor sites in the animal brain. The hypothesis was consistent with the c linical and pharmacological research findings (Schatzberg Nemerof 199). The catecholamine hypothesis can be attributed for the bringing together of several pharmacological research findings but contradicted many clinical observations, especially the delay on the onset of action of the anti depressant drugs on animal test subjects. The same applies to the serotonin hypothesis (Stahl Lerer 124).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The serotonin hypothesis of depression The serotonin hypothesis of depression states that majority of depression traits in animals are due to absolute deficiency of serotonin in some of the parts of the brain. A number of arguments have been suggested to support the hypothesis (Schatzberg Nemerof 200). There is also a number of pharmacological finding that support the serotonin and catecholamine hypothesis of depression. Depressions like traits in animals are not a single disorder; there are depressions that related to the serotonin deficiency and on a similar account catecholamine deficiency (Schatzberg Nemerof 205). Effects of psychoactive drugs The effects of psychoactive drugs on animals can be viewed from the following perspectives: drug oriented, which is primarily defined by the compound composition of the psychoactive drug; methodology oriented, which is defined by the sensitivity of the animal under the drug test to the psychoactive drugs; theory oriented, which described by analysis of the brain behavior of the animal under test due to the psychoactive drug use; practical oriented which describes the effects of psychoactive drugs on everyday activities (Schatzberg Nemerof 205). There are a number of effects associated with psychoactive drug uses which are outlined below according the results of psychoactive drug testing on animals. Psychoactive drugs usually have strong effects on animals. Some of the psychoactive drugs that significantly affect animals in different ways include: caffeine, LSD, marijuana and many more. Majority of Pharmacological research concerning the effects of psychoactive drugs reported that at small concentrations, psychoactive drugs have an effect on the feeding behaviors of insects and molluscs. At high concentration, it is reported that psychoactive drugs could cause death on the test subjects (Schatzberg Nemerof 206). Psychotic drugs usually have notable effects on the animal test subjects; these effects can be describe d principally as being subjective effects. In addition, there are effects that may be noticed by the observer, such as performance deterioration. Such effects are generally termed behavioral effects. A study on spiders revealed that spiders constructed more disordered webs after being subjected to psychoactive drugs than when they have not been subjected to psychoactive drugs (Schatzberg Nemerof 208). A research by a German pharmacologist, P. N Witt on the effects of psychotic drugs on spiders revealed that the shape and size of the webs constructed by the spiders varied significantly when the spiders were subjected to the psychotic drugs. At smaller amounts of caffeine, the webs were a little regular with uniform radii. At higher doses of about 100 microgram per spider, the webs were much more disoriented and irregular (Schatzberg Nemerof 205). This implies that psychoactive drugs are responsible performance deterioration in animals such as spiders. It is widely believed that oth er plants developed psychoactive substances in their leaves in order to serve as a protection mechanism against the harmful animals such as spiders. Another category of psychoactive drug use effect is the neurophysiological effects which primarily affect the functionality of the animal brain. This is primarily responsible for observations of hyperactivity and tremor in animal test subjects. Various parameters are used to measure the extent of the effects of the psychotic drugs on animal test subjects (Schatzberg Nemerof 197). During 1984, a pharmacologist named Nathanson carried our research on the effects of psycho stimulants on arthropods and molluscs. Cats that were subjected to higher doses of caffeine revealed higher levels of hyperactivity; as evidenced through licking of their cheeks, rolling over the ground and to some extent sexual arousal (Stahl 156). Another effect that is associated with the testing of psychoactive drugs on animals is the alterations in the behavioral t raits of the animal test subject. Psychotic drugs have reported increased effects on the alterations of animals’ behavior. This is due to the effects of the drugs on the way the brain functions. Any change in the dopamine levels in the animal test subject’s brain is sufficient enough to induce behavioral change in the test subjects (Stahl 198). Behavioral pharmacology research studies have indicated that rats and mice that have been subjected to small doses of cocaine have higher response rates than ordinary rats and mice. Conclusion Psychoactive drugs use is bound to cause harmful effects on the animal test subjects. These psychological effects are primarily attributed due to alterations in the brain functionality as the above theories and hypotheses suggests; this explicitly explains the hyperactivity and tremor behavior in animals that have been subjected to psychoactive drugs. Some of the common physiological effects that are associated with the use of psychoactive drugs include mood alterations, consciousness and drowsiness, which are primarily due to impairing the functionality of the brain. All the hypotheses are drawn from one perspective; a given substance is antagonistic towards the brain activity and that is the underlying principle that explains the nature of psychoactive drugs (Spiegel Hossein 205). Works Cited Schatzberg, Alan F. and Nemeroff B. Charles. Essentials of clinical psychopharmacology. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Pub, 2006. Print. Spiegel, Renà © and Hossein Fatemi. Psychopharmacology: an introduction. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Print. Stahl, Stephen. Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. Stahl, Stephen and Lerer ,Bernard. Evidence-based psychopharmacology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. This essay on Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals was written and submitted by user Al1ya to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Line poems essays

Essay on Line poems essays A senator and his family are killed by a two engine monster Ten a.m. in a storm filled sky, freezing rain falling in sheets The airport so close seems so far away Veering off course, ground rushing upward Colliding with the pine tree sentinels of a desolate swamp Grievance is extreme, friends and foes alike Cold church in the rain, thousands stand to pay their respects To honor the patriots who fought for our freedom With the help of the French we fought the British Eight years of fighting for one united cause At last we move to the last stronghold We go to beat the British at Yorktown Superior strategy decides the victor We surrounded the 8,000 left of the British Cornwallis surrendered after watching his men die Fear is the quiet, dark man sitting in the back of the bus. He is that black shadow lurking around every corner. He waits for unsuspecting victims, and leaps into their minds. Fear is not tangible, nor will he ever be. He has to be fought from the inside. And if you are determined to fight he will leave. For he is terrified of the fire that lives deep inside of each of us. We all know that shadows are vanquished by fire. He is always around when tragedy occurs. He tries to break us down by forcing painful memories of tragedy upon us. This when he partners up with sadness, and they work together to hurt anything and everything they can. He is the one thing at the back of our mind that terrifies us. He gives you that terror when you are most vulnerable, trying to hurt even more. With that terror he leaves a part of himself, this is ...

Learn the Spanish-language Version of O Christmas Tree

Learn the Spanish-language Version of O Christmas Tree Below is a Spanish-language version of O Tannenbaum, a famous  German Christmas carol more formally known in English as O Christmas Tree. After exploring the translated lyrics, learn how the word order changes for poetry in Spanish, along with additional vocabulary and grammar notes for the translation. These notes will better explain how phrases and terms change in translation from German to Spanish, plus how the definition of the word can transform itself into the Spanish language. Review the lyrics of  Quà © Verdes Son below and then learn about the difference between hoja, brillar,  airosas, and other words and phrases within the song. Qu verdes son Quà © verdes son, quà © verdes sonlas hojas del abeto.Quà © verdes son, quà © verdes sonlas hojas del abeto.En Navidad quà © hermoso estcon su brillar de luces mil.Quà © verdes son, quà © verdes sonlas hojas del abeto. Quà © verdes son, quà © verdes sonlas hojas del abeto.Quà © verdes son, quà © verdes sonlas hojas del abeto.Sus ramas siempre airosas son,su aroma es encantador.Quà © verdes son, quà © verdes sonlas hojas del abeto. Translation of the Spanish Lyrics How green are, how green arethe needles of the fir tree.How green are, how green arethe needles of the fir tree.At Christmas how beautiful you arewith your glittering of a thousand lights.How green are, how green arethe needles of the fir tree. How green are, how green arethe needles of the fir tree.How green are, how green arethe needles of the fir tree.Your branches always elegant are,your aroma is enchanting.How green are, how green arethe needles of the fir tree. Vocabulary, Grammar and Translation Notes An unusual word order is used throughout the lyrics in the  Quà © verdes son  song for poetic purposes, and so the lyrics tend to go well with the music.The phrase typically used to refer to a Christmas tree is rbol de Navidad. Although these lyrics do not specifically refer to a Christmas tree, neither do those of the original German carol.Hoja is normally translated as leaf, but needles is used in this song because that is what the leaves of a fir tree are typically called. Hoja can also be used to refer to a sheet of paper or a sheet of metal.Brillar is a verb usually meaning to shine, to glitter, or to be conspicuous. The infinitive form here, like other infinitives, can be used as a noun. In nonpoetic use of the language, the noun brillantez would be more likely here.Airosas could have been translated more literally as airy.Note that the word  aroma, like many other words of Greek origin ending in -a, is masculine.

Cultural Competence in Health Care Professional Practice Essay

Cultural Competence in Health Care Professional Practice - Essay Example Australia is an example of such a country that has experienced cultural diversity which has had immense impact on both professional and personal lives of healthcare professionals, critically affecting service delivery. In order for podiatrists, and indeed all the healthcare professionals in general, to deliver healthcare to the desired levels, cultural diversity should be put into consideration in practice, promoting a culturally safe environment and acquire cultural competence. In basic terms, culture describes an assortment of beliefs and behaviours to which a particular group ascribes and passes on from one generation to another. Adler (2004) defines equity as trait of fairness and impartiality; diversity as an array of various things; and competence as a suitable application of attributes and knowledge through the actions and behaviours of an individual. As such, cultural competence could be defined as the possession of attributes and knowledge that foster understanding of a wide array of beliefs and behaviours of diverse groups of people and applying it equitably. For healthcare professionals, including podiatrists, to attain cultural competence, Betancourt (2002) argues that they would have to exhibit attributes and behaviours that would promote their ability to effectively work with people from diverse cultures. i. Value diversity and accept cultural differences - The element of valuing diversity and accepting cultural differences requires one to keep an open mind to the environment and view each situations without bias. It should be appreciated that in any given environment, each person is different and would therefore have unique values and beliefs. ii. Possess cultural self-assessment capacity and an understanding of own culture – Cultural self-assessment capacity and understanding own culture implies the need to be able to critically comprehend one’s belief system. This requires unbiased approach

FREEDOM WRITER'S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FREEDOM WRITER'S - Essay Example She also brought them Jewish holocaust survivors to talk of their experiences (Gruwell, 2006).To manage the class, she decided to take on two part time jobs to buy them books, so they could research and discover more. She also decides to spend more time at school much to her husband’s disappointment. Her faith in her students made her tolerate criticism from her colleagues about her unorthodox methods of teaching. The value of courage is seen in the fact that she does not care what is said about her and the immense love for her students that she professes. The fact that her husband divorces her does not put her down either. In the end, she got to see many of her students graduate and attend university (Gruwell, 2006). In conclusion, her story should be used as an inspiration to everyone that has a dream and want to pursue it. Despite struggles and opposition from friends, family and all loved ones, it is important that one gets to fulfill their dreams and overcome trials and tribulations in life (Gruwell,

My School Essay Example for Free

My School Essay I,________,have been a part of the _________School District my entire life. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. The movie Stand and Deliver made me wonder how much better of a student I could have been if all my teachers cared as much as Mr. Escalante. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 3rd grade but then I started to hate school. It became harder for me to get good grades and I felt dumb. Many of my teachers also had my sister, who was an A+ student so they would always make statement about how I should follow in her footsteps and such. But I was never as smart as her or good at school like she was. Once I was in the 3rd grade I began to struggle with all subjects except reading, once this struggle began I started to care less about school and grades. Middle school is where things began to turn around for me. In the 6th grade I had Mr. Pollock as one of my teachers. He was the most caring teacher I have ever had,  he showed me I could do anything I put my mind too and he pushed me to succeed the way Mr. Escalante pushed his students. In the movie Mr. Escalante says â€Å"Students will rise to the level of expectations† and this is exactly what my teacher did to me, he set the expectations high and then pushed me to exceed them. High school was another good experience. I always was a â€Å"teacher’s pet† and got good grades without really trying. I never studied while in high school and was very involved in extracurricular activities. This was good for me then but has caused me problems now. Now that I am in college and have to study and really work hard I don’t do as good as I would like. In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors I, Thanh Nguyen, I have been grown up in Vietnam, so I went to elementary, middle, high school there. And the education is a lots harder here in States. For me school has been a mixture of emotions. Some years I loved school and learning and other years I hated school and felt as if I would never amount to anything. In elementary school I had mixed emotions. I loved school up until about 5rd grade but then I started to hate school In my opinion my past schooling has set me up to fail in college. Even though I was taught the things I needed to be taught. I didn’t learn to push myself. I got by either just barely or passing with flying colors

Identifying with the Waste Land Essay -- Literary Analysis

T.S Eliot’s The Waste Land frustrates the reader with a complexity so dense that he or she feels lost. This frustration arises out of the poem’s fragmented structure of the characters, place, and time which gives the reader an insight into the civilization following World War I and the authors’ chaotic state of mind. He shows how modern life appears to be fragmented and disordered through the shifting images, points of view and alternating periods of time. T.S Eliot uses allusions to myths, history, and literature to lead us out of the confining present moment and ego to transcend into a self that is free and in harmony with others and nature. T.S Eliot suggests myths throughout The Waste Land to let the reader indirectly recognize the viewpoint from outside of time and eventually find a way out that will lead to happiness. The author uses myths such as the Fisher King and the Grail Quest to associate the impulse to search, discover, and seek change for the sake of self-knowledge. Fisher King focuses on the ancient fertility rituals. After the King was wounded, it was believed that he was responsible for his land to become â€Å"a wasteland†. As the legend says, if the King is healed, the land will flourish. In other words, the fertility of the land depends on the potency and virility of the King and can only be restored through sacrifice. Likewise, Eliot incorporates the Grail Quest to reinstate how a quest throughout the deserted land serves as purification. Perhaps the author uses these myths to portray how distorted and corrupted modern society is. He is relating these legends to the emptiness in modern culture to let the reader discover the true meaning of life. â€Å"Eliot points out the simple fact of this cultural emptiness and i... ...ciety is corrupted, and the only way to revitalize is to become one with the world, and the self. The only way to restore order to the self and the world is to be reborn to our spirit. Finally, The Waste Land is a mirror image of the breakdown of a historical, social, and cultural order constantly depicted with violent scenes and death. Eliot expects the reader to participate in a quest of discovery through his myths, history and literature to allow us to escape the imprisoning present and ego to reveal meaning, truth, and virtue. Works Cited †¢ (1) Free Waste Land Essays: Underlying Myths in The Waste Land." 123HelpMe.com.05Dec2010 †¢ (2) "SparkNotes: Eliotà ¢s Poetry: Themes, Motifs & Symbols." SparkNotes: Today's Most Popular Study Guides. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. .

Employment law Essay

Task A – Short answer questions Ai – Imagine you are a newly appointed supervisor/manager within your service. You need to update your staff handbook to reflect current employment law. Identify three different sources of information you could use to enable you to do this. 1) Internet 2) Staff 3) Old handbook Once you have identified a reliable source of information Aii a) List three aspects of employment covered by law 1) Work conditions for example saftey 2) Wages (National minimum wage) 3) Holiday entitlements b) List three main features of current employment legislation 1) Equality and Discrimination law 2) Employment Rights 3) Health and safety Aiii – Briefly outline why employment law exists Employment law is there in order to protect employees. To give everyone who works the oppurtunity to protect their rights. For example ensuring that employees are protected from discrimination in the workplace, ensuring that they receive the national minimum wage etc. These employee rights apply regardless of whether the employee or worker is temporary, fixed-term or permanent, or how long they have worked for the employer. Task B – Your work role Bi – Describe the terms and conditions of your employment as set out in your contract of employment or employment agreement. Bii – Describe the information which needs to be shown on your pay slip/statement -Tax Code -Employee’s Name -Nett income -Gross income – National Insurance number – Company Name – Date – Hours and hourly rate – Payment method – Earnings – Any deductions Biii – Identify two changes to personal information which you must report to your employer – Changes in Health for example long term illness, pregnancy etc – Change of personal details such as Address, Number etc – Change of next of kin, for emergencys Biv – Describe the procedure to follow if you wanted to raise a grievance at work. You may describe this in writing or produce a flow chart or diagram If the grievance couldnt be dealt with by a simple informal discussion, then the next person you should go to would be a supervisor or manager. They should then explain how the situation could be dealt with. If you feel that this isnt being dealt with orridingly or in fact the supervisor/manager is the person causing the grievance then the you should going higher up the hirachy, maybe the locality manager? If the grievance couldnt be dealt with by someone within the trust and you feel that it could be more serious then you can always take things higher for example to adult services, CQC or even the police. Once the grievance has happened you need to write a FACTUAL report. Bv – Explain the agreed ways of working with your employer in relation to the following areas. Data protection – Data protection needs to be dea lt with as a serious matter. A few examples of this could be simply having passwords on laptops/ computers, storing documents safely and securly. Conflict management – Conflict in the workplace needs to be dealt with seriously wether it be a petty argument between employees or a conflict of issues  regarding best interest of service users. Your employer should be avaliable at all times to talk to you regarding issues at work these can also be brought up at supervisions, team meetings or even apprasials. Staff are to follow best practice in the workplace, following policies and proceedures and managers are there to help resolve any issues and together they should work together to get the facts together and help resolve any issues or conflict and continue with effective performance. Anti – discriminatory practice – Descrimination is not only against the law but it is also a form of gross misconduct from your job. It is also taking action to prevent discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic or cultural background. Health and Safety – Although Employers have the legal responsibilities to ensure a safe and healthy workplace. As an employee you also have the responsibilities for your own safety and the safety of your colleagues. If you saw something dangerous within the workplace it would be your responsibility to address the issue or make the employer aware of the issue for it to be addressed. A risk assessments will always need to be filled out despite the seriousness of the issue, to look back on and to help prevent then issue from reacurring in the future. Confidentiality – This is vitally important in this line of work. No information should be passed onto anyone without manager or next of kin consent. Information should only be passed on if its in an emergency involving health, hygiene etc to the relevant personal for example emergency services, dentists etc. Whistleblowing – Whistleblowing is raising concerns about malpractice in an organisation or workplace. It is importnat to work with your employer to raise any concerns which might affect the support your providing. It will then be your employers job to investigate into these concerns raised and speak to the person in question to reso lve the issues or depending on the seriousness contact the relevant people, this could be authorities. Bvi – Explain how your role contributes to the overall delivery of the service provided My role contributes to the delivery of the service provided because it enables service users a life of independancy and pro-actively with the right support. Giving people with life challenges a chance of fufilling a life as normal as possible. Bvii – Explain how you could influence the quality of the service provided by; a) Following best practice within your work role Following policies and proccedures, care plans and attending relevant training for your job will influence the quality of the service because it makes you more knowledgeble and compotant at your job. Giving patients/service users a better quality of care/support at home. b)Not carrying out the requirements of your role By not carrying out the requirements of my role would be dangerous not only for the service users but also for myself and other employees. It would also have a negative impact on the care industry with the lack of support you would be providing. Patients/ services users would not be getting the correct level of care, this is why policies and proceedure are put in place. Bviii – Describe how your own work must be influenced by National factors such as codes of practice, National Occupational standards, Legislation and government initiatives. Bix a) Identify two different representative bodies which influence your area of work Adult services Care Quality commission b) Describe the role of the two representative bodies you have identified. Care Quality commission  Inspectors of care Ensure legal requirements are followed Make sure staff are adquently trained and providing the correct level of care Adult services Ensure that clients/service users get suitable care There to provide financial support where needed They are also a link between the service users and day services Task C – Career Pathway Create a career pathway plan for youself, indicating oppurtunities are open to you as you progress in your chosen career. Indicate what you will need to learn or any qualifications you might need to gain in order to achieve your goals. Identify of information to help you achieve your goals. My career plan would be to continue work at TQ twentyone as a Support worker working full time. Hopefully pick up some more bank shifts in a variety of houses where I can learn more about different disabilities and gain more  exsperience in this field. This would be for maybe another year until I have completed my Level 3 in Health and social care, this will then help me aim to achieve the role of a support coordinator in the near future with TQ Twentyone. or; I have the option then to maybe attend university part time and study something around the similar and still remain in work as bank staff. The courses I would like the oppurtunity to do would be anything from primary teaching (special educational needs) or social work. However for me to achieve this I will need to retake a GCSE maths in night school to help me get onto the course in university. If i choose not to attend university or if I can’t I would like to continue my path as a support coordinator and work hard on making my way up the structure reaching a manager or move onto something I’ve gained from univesity.

Microsoft Outlook® User Manual Critique

Microsoft Outlook ® User Manual Critique The objective of this paper will be to evaluate Microsoft manual for Outlook ®. According to Torkzadeh (1988), author of The Quality of User Documentation, â€Å"User documentation is an important tool for communications. It enhances the value of an application to the user and in turn, improves user satisfaction† (p. 99).When designing a manual Ganier (2007) suggests in his article, Comparative User-Focused Evaluation of User Guides, the strategy for a user manual should focus on 3 characteristics: format, structure, and its content. Ganier in his article also includes the criteria for measuring the quality and efficiency of the manual as, â€Å"attractiveness, practicality, simplicity, and efficiency†. The critique of the Outlook ® user manual will not evaluate the criteria using a weighted score for each criteria on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is very bad and 5 is very good (Ganier, 2007).Instead, it will provide a written critique of the Outlook ® user manual based upon Ganier’s identified characteristics and criteria. Assessment of the Design Strategy The first characteristic of the Outlook ® user e-manual is format. Since the Outlook ® user manual is in electronic format or e-manual, it can be launched from the application by pressing the F1 key on the keyboard. The cognitive workload required to utilize the function of the e-manual is minimal. Structure, the second characteristic, refers to the layout of the information and how users access the information based upon their knowledge.New users will typically access the information linearly; in a step-by-step fashion whereas, more experienced users will access the information by function. There is no â€Å"Getting Started† section on the main menu with directed instruction for new users. The Outlook ® manual is focused toward the experienced user, who would be searching for instructions to perform a particular function. The la st characteristic of the design of the Outlook ® user e-manual is content, which includes prominent headings, the use of vocabulary the user can comprehend, and the combined use of text and illustrations.The Outlook ® e-manual contained very good content. It has step-by-step instructions that are easy to follow with a mixture of applicable illustrations. The manual uses clear and concise language which is easily understood; however, the only drawback is a lack of illustrations in the manual’s headers. Assessment of Criteria The first criterion Ganier identified for measuring the quality and efficiency of a user manual is attractiveness. (Merriam-Webster’s, 2010) defines attractive as â€Å"arousing interest or engaging one's thought, consideration, etc†.Attractiveness is a subjective measurement which attempts to measure the ability of a manual to entice users to access it. The attractiveness of the Outlook ® user e-manual is minimal and the format is very simplistic. The headers are basic, but functional, and the lack of graphics or icons to help identify the topics makes the appearance less attractive and approachable. By using icons along with the headers, it would improve the overall look, making the document look more appealing and approachable.When clicking on a high level header for â€Å"creating messages†, the user is presented with a list of submenu topics from which to choose. The submenu topics have a third level of headings with instruction options for creating an e-mail message. The actual instruction is presented to the user after clicking on 3 levels of topics and sub-topics. It contains an explanation of creating an e-mail with step-by-step instruction and includes a good combination of illustration and white space.Practicality, the second criteria, as it applies to a user manual or an instruction, is whether or not the manual or instruction is designed and applicable to actual use. Overall, the manual is usef ul if the user is looking for instruction on performing a specific task. The user e-manual does a good job of explaining the various functions of the Outlook ® application. The tool bar menu items include navigation buttons which allow the user to easily move the focus of the manual back one page at a time or by clicking on the home button, to return to the first page. Simplicity is the lack of complexity, r intricacy, (Merriam-Webster’s, 2010). The Outlook ® user e-manual fulfills the definition of simplicity in its ability to reach a diverse target audience, with the ability to read and understand the content. Both basic and advanced users can utilize the search function of the manual to find instructions on the topic being searched. Basic tasks, such as creating an e-mail, or tasks for more advanced users, can easily be found in the manual. The user e-manual lacks overall efficiency as it does not give the user the ability to accomplish a task with ease and speed.The u ser e-manual should allow the user, no matter what their experience level with the application, to be able to access the information in the most efficient manner. The Outlook ® user e-manual headings are not in any particular order and the user must scan the headings to find a specific topic. If the headers were sorted alphabetically, finding the topics would be more efficient. Once the information is found the instruction are clear and concise, and include the appropriate amount of illustrations along with step-by-step instructions. ConclusionThe Outlook ® user e-manual is designed to be used in conjunction with the Outlook ® application. The manual has good content and is relatively easy to use, with the exception of the need to drill down to multiple sub-headings. The search function of the manual provides an easy way to find information on a particular topic if the reader knows what they are searching for. The lack of icons to illustrate the headings, and the headings not being sorted alphabetically detracts from the attractiveness and the overall usefulness of the document.Both beginning and advanced users of the Outlook ® application can benefit from reading the user e-manual. With the lack of a â€Å"Getting Started† section it makes utilizing the document for new users a little more tedious for progressive learning. The actual step-by-step instruction contains detailed and accurate information, which is attractively designed with the appropriate amount of whitespace and illustrations. Overall the user e-manual enhances the value of the Outlook ® application and helps the user improve their knowledge in using the application.References Torkzadeh, G. 1988, Fall). The Quality of User Documentation. Journal of Managment Information Systems, 5(2), 99-108. Ganier, F. (2007). Comparative User-Focused Evaluation of User Guides: A Case Study. J. Technical Writting and Communications, 37(3), 305-322. Attractive. 2010. In Merriam-Webster Online D ictionary. Retrieved Nov 23, 2010, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/attractive Simplicity. 2010. In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved Nov 23, 2010, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/ simplicity Outlook ® is a registered trademarks of the Microsoft © 2010

Beethoven1 essays

Beethoven1 essays For many people, Ludwig Van Beethoven is considered the greatest composer who ever lived and is the highest level of musical geniuses. His compositions are the expression of one of the most powerful musical personalities of all time which he exceeded above average in both areas of Classical and Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, December 16, 1770, and was baptized on December 17. His father, Johann, was a singer employed by the Elector of Cologne in Bonn. Johann married Maria Magdalena Laym, a cooks daughter. Together they had seven children of which three sons survived, Beethoven was the oldest (Colliers Encyclopedia, Beethoven). When Johanns career was threatened by alcoholism, he saw his chance to get rich by exploiting his son Beethoven as a child prodigy. He claimed Beethoven was years younger than he actually was, neglected his formal education, and made him practice his music endlessly. His attempt to get rich was a disaster and probably encouraged the brusque and withdrawing personality Beethoven developed. Beethoven was a solo pianist and piano teacher when he was in his twenties. He was well known for his temperamental nature. He had to abandon his performing career of deafness. By this time, he was well known as a composer and was able to live by the profits of concerts and sale of his works to publishers. He was the most revered composer in all of Europe and regarded as the greatest living example of Romantic, artistic genius (McLeish, pg. 18-19). Sonate Pathetique, Opus 13 was written in 1798 and named by the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven. This Sonate was extremely romantic because of the charged first movement, while the Adagio Movement is sad, yet comforting. The third movement of the Pathetique was considered Rondo. The key of the Adagio Movement is A Flat, the submediant Key of the ...

Requerimientos de ingresos para patrocinar green card

Requerimientos de ingresos para patrocinar green card Si usted es ciudadano estadounidense o residente permanente legales y est en el proceso de solicitar una green card para uno o varios de sus  familiares, tendr que demostrar recursos econà ³micos suficientes. Si no puede hacerlo, la peticià ³n ser denegada. Pero,  ¿quà © cantidad de dinero se considera suficiente? La respuesta viene fijada por la ley y va a depender de: nà ºmero de personas que conforman su familia, de dà ³nde se vive y tambià ©n de si se tiene la condicià ³n de militar en activo o no. En este artà ­culo se resuelven esas inquietudes. Adems, se informa sobre quà © se puede computar como ingresos para obtener la cantidad que se pide, en quà © momento hay que demostrar dichos ingresos y, por à ºltimo, quà © se puede hacer si no se ingresa la cantidad requerida. Requerimientos de ingresos para patrocinar la green card a un familiar Los requerimientos financieros  son distintos segà ºn las categorà ­as: Familia Militares Alaska Hawaii Resto estados y PR 1 $11,880 $18,550 $17,087.5 $14,850 2 $16,020 $25,025 $23,037.5 $20,025 3 $20,160 $31,500 $28,987.5 $25,200 4 $24,300 $37,975 $34,937.5 $30,375 5 $28,440 $44,450 $40,887.5 $35,550 6 $32,580 $50,935 $46,887.5 $40,725 7 $36,730 $57,300 $52,787.5 $45,912.5 8 $40,890 $63,900 $58,762.5 $51,112.5 Cà ³mo entender la tabla   Existe una categorà ­a para militares en activo que son miembros del Army, los Marines, la Guardia Costera, las Fuerzas Aà ©reas o la Navy deben tener ingresos que equivalen al 100 por 100 de la cantidad fijada como là ­nea   o umbral de la pobreza, que es una cantidad que fija cada aà ±o el gobierno. Y es la que aparece en la tabla superior en la columna que dice: militares. Las diferencias corresponde al nà ºmero de miembros de la familia del solicitante. Para los que no son militares aplican cantidades distintas segà ºn el lugar en el que se radique. Asà ­, los patrocinadores que residen en Alaska deben probar ingresos por al menos el 125 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza para ese estado, que ya est calculada para este aà ±o y es la que aparece en la tabla superior bajo el nombre de ese estado. Los mismo aplica a los residentes de Hawaii. Por à ºltimo, los patrocinadores que ni son militares ni residen en Alaska o Hawaii deben probar ingresos superiores al 125 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza fijada por ley para lo que se conoce como los 48 estados continuos. Adems, esto  aplica tambià ©n a Washington D.C. y al estado libre asociado de Puerto Rico. Son las cantidades que aparecen en la tabla superior en la columna bajo Resto de los estados y PR (Puerto Rico).  ¿Cà ³mo se computan los ingresos para decidir si se cumplen con los requerimientos financieros? La forma ms rpida de saber si se tienen ingresos suficientes para patrocinar a un familiar es verificar la declaracià ³n de impuestos à ºltima (tax returns). Si se llenà ³ la planilla 1040 o la 1040A, checar la là ­nea de gross income. Si se completà ³ el formulario 1040EZ, verificar la de adjusted gross income. Son ingresos aquellos que proceden del trabajo, negocios, dividendos de acciones, intereses, desempleo, compensatoria por matrimonio (alimony) y tambià ©n la pensià ³n alimenticia por nià ±os (child support) o beneficios como recibir vivienda gratis por parte del empleador. Sin embargo, no se pueden considerar ingresos los que proceden de programas del gobierno calificados como means-tested. Es decir, cupones de alimentos, Medicaid, Ingresos Complementarios de Seguridad (SSI), Asistencia Temporal para Familias en Necesidad (TANF) y CHIP, un seguro mà ©dico para nià ±os. Es importante destacar que sà ­ se puede patrocinar a un familiar si se reciben uno o varios de esos beneficios calificados como means-tested. Lo que no se puede hacer es sumar esos ingresos al total de ingresos para asà ­ obtener la cantidad mà ­nima que pide la ley para patrocinar. Es decir, dicha cantidad hay que obtenerla sin la suma de lo que se recibe por benefiicios means-tested. Con respecto a los beneficios means-tested conviene resaltar una caracterà ­stica ms. Y es que si el patrocinador los recibe y su peticià ³n es aprobada tiene que tener en cuenta que si el patrocinado se beneficia de los means-tested el gobierno va a reclamar al patrocinador que se le regresen esos pagos. Adems, en relacià ³n a los ingresos conviene saber cà ³mo  afectan las deudas y el mal crà ©dito a los asuntos migratorios Si los ingresos no son suficientes,  ¿se pueden incluir otros bienes del patrocinado, como por ejemplo propiedades? La respuesta es sà ­, excepto en el caso de que el formulario que se emplee en la declaracià ³n de sostenimiento tambià ©n conocida como declaracià ³n jurada de patrocinio econà ³mico o por su nombre en inglà ©s de  affidavit of support, sea el I-864EZ. En todos los dems casos, sà ­ se puede. Los bienes que pueden utilizarse son todos aquellos que pueden ser fcilmente vendidos y convertidos en dinero. Es decir, viviendas u otros inmuebles raà ­ces, bonos o acciones. Se considera la cantidad que resulta de su valor despuà ©s de restar cargos como, por ejemplo, hipotecas. En este caso hay reglas diferentes sobre el valor que deben alcanzar. En el caso de patrocinio de adoptados que adquirà ­an la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense al ingresar al paà ­s, se pide que el valor de los bienes sea igual a la diferencia que existe entre los ingresos del patrocinador y los que se le pide por ley segà ºn el tamaà ±o de la familia. Sin embargo, si se trata del patrocinio de un ciudadano a su cà ³nyuge o a un hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os, el valor de esos bienes debe ser al menos 3 veces superior a la cantidad que existen de diferencia entre los ingresos del patrocinador y la cantidad que deberà ­a ingresar segà ºn el tamaà ±o de su familia. Y, finalmente, en todos los dems casos, el valor de esos bienes debe ser al menos 5 veces ms que la diferencia entre lo que el patrocinador est ingresando y la cantidad que se le pide por ley. Y si no es suficiente,  ¿se pueden incluir bienes y/o ingresos de la persona patrocinada? La respuesta es sà ­, pero con importantes limitaciones que se deben tener en cuenta. En el caso de los ingresos, por ejemplo, porque la persona que se pide est trabajando, se pueden tener en cuenta siempre y cuando sea là ³gico esperar que una una vez que obtiene la green card continà ºa recibià ©ndolos de la misma fuente de ingresos.    Adems, en este caso, si la patrocinada es una persona es distinta al cà ³nyuge del patrocinador, debe estar en la actualidad residiendo en el mismo hogar. Por ejemplo, una ciudadana americana se casa con un maestro que est en Estados Unidos trabajando como maestro con una visa H-1B y decide patrocinarlo para la green card. En este caso, si los medios econà ³micos de la ciudadana no son suficientes para patrocinar puede contar los de su esposo, si se espera que seguir trabajando para la misma escuela una vez que se convierte en residente. Sin embargo un caso muy distinto serà ­a el de una ciudadana casada con un maestro que trabaja en Mà ©xico. Aquà ­ no puede contar con esos ingresos del cà ³nyuge, porque una vez que el esposo obtenga la green card se mudarà ­a a Estados Unidos y dejarà ­a de tener esos ingresos. Por otro lado, sà ­ es posible contabilizar los bienes, como por ejemplo, propiedades o acciones, que la persona pedida tiene en el extranjero si se cumplen todos de los siguientes requisitos: pueda convertirse en dinero en   un plazo mximo de 12 meses se pueda ingresar ese dinero en Estados Unidos. Algunos paà ­ses no permiten el envà ­o de divisas al extranjero o ponen là ­mites, por lo tanto esto hay que tenerlo en cuentay finalmente, el valor neto de esos bienes debe ser al menos cinco veces ms grande que la diferencia entre los ingresos de la persona que pide y lo que por ley debe ingresar para poder patrocinar.   Lo que no se puede contabilizar para esta cumplir con la obligacià ³n de demostrar ingresos suficientes para patrocinar es una oferta firme de empleo diciendo que una vez que el patrocinado se convierte en residente tendr un trabajo. Sin embargo, esta carta sà ­ que puede ser interesante tenerla y mostrarla en el consulado no por la razà ³n de la que habla este artà ­culo sino para demostrar que no existe el problema de ser un riesgo de carga pà ºblica. Esto à ºltimo convierte a una persona en inadmisible y serà ­a causa de negar la green card.  ¿Existe la posibilidad de un co-patrocinador? En el caso en el que el patrocinador no puede cumplir con el requisito de ingreso puede buscar un co-patrocinador,   es lo que se conoce como joint sponsor. Esta persona tiene que saber claramente que asume responsabilidades legales al firmar como tal el affidavit of support. Adems, debe cumplir con una serie de requisitos: 18 aà ±os de edad o ms Ciudadano americano o residente permanente legal que tiene su domicilio habitual en uno de los 50 estados de los Estados Unidos o en sus territorios, como por ejemplo, el estado libre asociado de Puerto Rico.El co-patrocinador debe cumplir con el requisito de ingresos segà ºn el tamaà ±o de su familia Tambià ©n hay que destacar que el co-patrocinador no tiene que ser familiar ni del pedido ni de la persona que pide los papeles para su familiar. Y que incluso es posible tener ms de un co-patrocinador pero no ms de dos para el caso en los que se pide a un migrante con varios familiares incluidos en esa peticià ³n.   A tener muy en cuenta Segà ºn el tipo de peticià ³n, el momento de presentar el affidavit of support y la documentacià ³n de apoyo puede demorarse muchos aà ±os. Primero se aprueba el I-130 y luego tiene lugar una segunda fase, que puede ser un ajuste de estatus o un procedimiento consular. Es en esta segunda parte donde tiene que demostrarse que se cumple el requisito. No en la primera de peticià ³n mediante el I-130. Precisamente porque se tarda tanto en algunos tipos de peticiones, como muestra el boletà ­n de visas publicado por el Departamento de Estado, algunos patrocinadores pueden decidir desistir de la peticià ³n. Si se sigue adelante, es importante asesorarse con un abogado migratorio reputado si se tienen dudas sobre cà ³mo llenar las planillas del affidavit of support o cualquier otra. Y tener siempre presente que mentir en un formulario migratorio tiene consecuencias graves. Finalmente, es muy recomendable tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre la green card porque aclara de forma sencilla dudas e inquietudes frecuentes sobre asuntos muy relacionados con la peticià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia y responsabilidades para mantenerla. Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

BA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

BA - Case Study Example It operated in large scale with very flexible approaches to business decisions concerning the entrepreneurial skills where there is hierarchy but the ideas flows from the bottom-up and top-down. This paper therefore seeks to assess the existing business model for the vice and give recommendations of the alternatives that will help the company to continue to grow. Vice had a unique content that was provided freely to all its audience that was disseminated all over through its print media and online channels. For the video content to be produced effectively and efficiently there is need to be a producer, the person who will report and even the cameraperson that will be commenting on the events and document. For the investment, vice company should have a new financial and operational base that that had not been part of the culture of the company. Investors therefore should ensure that the vice company has put a system in place that will support the strategy and to ensure that there is rapid growth of the company. Continued growth means that there is greater attention towards labor standards for example making the internship program formal and also to ensure that the employees are provided with performance review (Farzad 3). In terms of the strategies, the vice should introduce a new strategic planning vernacular that the vice will use to address the budget and the return on the investment. For the vice to be considered mainstream it must consider diversification and launching territories internationally where the global audience can grow steadily and consume a type of content that could only be offered by a few organizations. In terms of the revenue, the vice should consider monetizing the content of the video to be online then sell advertising for online content. The vice company should consider to create customized initiatives for the company brands where everything is considered from the brand strategy and

Animal Testing for Immunocompetence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animal Testing for Immunocompetence - Essay Example In my thinking, these tests and others are somewhat effective but applying them to humans first in order to get a first-hand feedback can help in implementation of the tests since animals can not explain about the side effects which are not observable (Smits, Bortolotti& Tella,1999).Tests for the ability of animal’s body to detect foreign bodies and fight against them need not only be carried out in laboratories. Observing nutrition is a key element in the attempt of maintaining an organism’s Immunocompetence. It is my view that nutrient limitation or extension such as lack of enough protein can really bring down the Immunocompetence of an animal. Lack of the required diets can be used as a test of defining some diseases attacking the animals and the reasons behind it (MÃ ¸ller, Milinski& Slater, 1998). Another option for testing the Immunocompetence for animals is also through observing external circumstances which confront the animals’ immune system. This can be through testing the food they eat and water they drink. Contact with other infected animals can also be put as a crucial consideration in such tests which do not necessarily, involve the animal (Fox, 2002) From the above tests, a crucial message is gained in that animals do not necessarily have to go through clinical tests to assess their immunity competence, but it can also be done indirectly by observing their diet, ensuring uncontaminated feed is given to them and also through checking the health of the other associative animals.

Themes and Style comparison between Pans Labyrinth and The City of Essay

Themes and Style comparison between Pans Labyrinth and The City of Lost Children - Essay Example The themes of both the films have one thing in common; they are about dreams. The films show how important dreams are and especially of young children. In Pan’s Labyrinth, this theme is shown as the young girl has an imaginative fantasy world in which she lives and creates her own magical world. In her dream world, she is a princess and she sees people in the real world as annoying and distracting. It is her love for fairy tales that led her to go on an adventure where she was given the chance to become the princess she was and return to her father, the King. She was told that she was a born princess by a faun who she meets at the night in the forest. The rest of the film shows how the young girl accomplishes three gruesome tasks just to claim her royalty and her status as a princess. In The City of Lost Children, the theme of dreams is depicted as the old aging scientist kidnaps young children to steal their dreams. This theme is portrayed as children dream big and they have the capability to dream about their fantasies and their innocent world. The evil scientist starts stealing these dreams leaving the children empty and without their dreams. The children are lost without their dreams and they are kept in a secret place. The old scientist steals the dreams as he doesn’t have the capability to dream himself. It is also shown that the scientist is aging rapidly only because he doesn’t have dreams. The film shows how dreams keep us younger and give us the reason to live a life. The theme of evil is also somehow depicted in both the films as they are fantasy films and they show the evils which are associated with every good. The young girl in Pan’s Labyrinth is living her dream fantasy of being a princess and having royalty. However, her dream is disrupted by the evils that surround her. The fairy takes her to the forest where she is told she is a princess and in order to

Marketing Mixmarketing Mix Essay Example for Free

Marketing Mixmarketing Mix Essay 1. Marketing Research : A new product strategy will ultimately need to be tested through focus groups, phone surveys and beta tests. Focus groups are sessions where company managers observe consumers through a one-way mirror. A moderator or interviewer will ask the consumers questions related to the companys product concept, including their likes, dislikes and suggestions for the product. This information is usually evaluated later to help tweak the product concept. After focus groups, companies use phone surveys to obtain a more reliable sample about the markets reaction to the product. 2. Product Positioning: Product positioning is a best practice strategy used for both new and existing products. Small companies typically use a grid when developing a product positioning matrix. The objective of product positioning is to determine which segment of the market to place a product. Companies often use two important product variables in a product positioning matrix. For hot cereal, these variables may include price and time to cook. The product price can be low or high, and the time to cook the cereal can be slow or quick. Consequently, segments for hot cereal may be low price/quick to cook, low price/slow to cook, high price/quick to cook or high price/slow to cook. A small company will usually plot its existing products as well as competitive products within the various segments. The segment with the least amount of plotting points may indicate an opportunity for the company, as that particular segment is under-served. Place of Distribution Strategies Depending on the type of product being distributed there are three common distribution strategies available: 1. Intensive distribution: Used commonly to distribute low priced or impulse purchase products eg chocolates, soft drinks. 2. Exclusive distribution: Involves limiting distribution to a single outlet. The product is usually highly priced, and requires the intermediary to place much detail in its sell. An example of would be the sale of vehicles through exclusive dealers. 3. Selective Distribution: A small number of retail outlets are chosen to distribute the product. Selective distribution is common with products such as computers, televisions household appliances, where consumers are willing to shop around and where manufacturers want a large geographical spread. Pricing Strategies 1. Penetration pricing: Here the organization sets a low price to increase sales and market share. Once market share has been captured the firm may well then increase their price. A television satellite company sets a low price to get subscribers then increases the price as their customer base increases. 2. Skimming pricing: The organization sets an initial high price and then slowly lowers the price to make the product available to a wider market. The objective is to skim profits of the market layer by layer. A games console company reduces the price of their console over 5 years, charging a premium at launch and lowest price near the end of its life cycle. 3. Competition pricing: Setting a price in comparison with competitors. Really a firm has three options and these are to price lower, price the same or price higher. Some firms offer a price matching service to match what their competitors are offering. Promotion Strategies 1. Public relations: Involves developing positive relationships with the organization media public. The art of good public relations is not only to obtain favorable publicity within the media, but it is also involves being able to handle successfully negative attention. 2. Internet Marketing: Promoting and selling your services online using various forms of online marketing techniques such as banner advertisements, videos or social media. 3. Sponsorship: Where you pay an organization to use your brand or logo. This organization usually has a high profile so that you know that your brand will be seen by a large audience. Most common use of sponsorship is with sporting events. The 2012 Olympics being held in London is being sponsored by a number of organizations such as Mcdonalds and Coca-Cola as the event will attract a worldwide audience that will run into hundreds of millions.

Anorexia Nervosa: An issue of control Essay -- Eating Disorders Health

Anorexia Nervosa: An issue of control As medicine has progressed through the years, so have the avenues for diagnosing the various causes of many disorders. Recently there have been new discoveries about the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a life-threatening eating disorder defined by a refusal to maintain body weight within 15 percent of an individual's minimal normal weight. (2) Other essential features of this disorder include an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and amenorrhea (absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles when otherwise expected to occur) in women. (1) Theories about the causes of anorexia nervosa include the psychological, biological, and environmental. This paper will discuss the question of the multiple origins of anorexia nervosa, and attempt to identify a common underlying cause. Conservative estimates suggest that one-half to one percent of females in the U.S. develop anorexia. Because more than 90 percent of all those who are affected are adolescent and young women, the disorder can be characterized primarily as a women's illness. It should be noted, however, that children as young as 7 have been diagnosed, and women 50, 60, 70, and even 80 fit the diagnosis. (5) Like all eating disorders, it tends to occur in pre or post puberty, but can develop at any life change. One reason younger women are particularly vulnerable to eating disorders is their tendency to go on strict diets to achieve an "ideal" figure. This obsessive dieting behavior reflects a great deal of today's societal pressure to be thin, which is seen in advertising and the media. Others especially at risk for eating disorders include athletes, actors, and models for whom thinne... ...he links between mental illness and depression. It addresses a very wide variety of issues. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/9/1663_51209.htm? 7)Genetics and Eating Disorders, this site looks at the link between genetics and eating disorders. It also looks at the different medical studies that have been conducted on the topic. http://my.webmd.com/webmd_today/home/404?ourl=404;http://my.webmd.com/content/article/2/3204_673.htm?&referer=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web2/arutigliano.html 8)On the Teen Scene, this site looks at the effect of anorexia nervosa on teenagers. It looks at questions as to why it affect that one age group so hard, and its ramifications. http://my.webmd.com/webmd_today/home/404?ourl=404;http://my.webmd.com/content/article/5/1680_50412.htm?&referer=http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro03/web2/arutigliano.html

Cisco case Essay

1. What are the challenges faced by Cisco in introducing a major product like Viking? There are four main challenges encountered by Cisco: Time-to-Market pressure: Cisco has only one year to launch Viking. Since the development of technology accelerates information exchange and boost customers’ demand, only companies that can catch the market transitions quickly can survive in the rapidly-changing society. Cost pressure: Price competition in hi-tech market is rather fierce. E.g. bandwidth prices were constantly dropping while customers expected continuous improvement in price-performance on their equipment. Immense technical complexity and concern on outsourcing production: For example, Viking contained some 300,000 components, which is 30 times more than in a small business router. So this requires a high ability for the contract manufacturer and a close cooperation between Cisco and the manufacturer. Uncertainty in NPI’s effectiveness and efficiency: This newly introduced mechanism requires substantial global operation collaboration among far-flung teams, which contains considerable uncertainties. 2. In selecting Foxconn and involving it from the start, what were the potential risks and values to Cisco? Risks: Lack of experience in handling technical complexity: Foxconn has never made complex product like Viking before. Excessive dependence on vertical integration: Overly depending on a single manufacturer will run a great risk of whatever financial and operational constraints it has. Meanwhile, Cisco may lose the opportunity to select the most appropriate suppliers. Values: Low cost: Selecting Foxconn can dramatically decrease the cost due to the cheaper labor force and materials from China and other Asian countries, as well as reduction in transition. Efficient supply chain: A single site and its vertical integration create an agile structure, which promotes the efficiency greatly. Long-term incentive to develop the contract manufacturer: If Foxconn performed well in making a high-end router in a low-cost manufacturing environment, Cisco would have more flexibility for  further products. 3. What should Cisco do to ensure successful development and launch of the Viking router? There are three major ways for Cisco to ensure success: Engaging supply chain partners early on to help simplify product design and manufacturing processes. Getting Foxconn closely involved early in development to lower risk. Utilizing technology to execute global, cross-functional teamwork, and to ensure smooth collaboration with Foxconn. Adopting innovative and intensive marketing strategies.

Definition of Culture and Its Importance Essay

Human beings are considered the highest form of animals, behaving passionately social as a group, using language and understanding, and doing teamwork and intergroup rivalry. Culture then relates to everything that humans have, think and do as a member of the social group. Both existent and make-believe, humans have stuff like tools, weapons, languages, laws, music, art, material resources, technologies and systems that when taken jointly will give details of the past and describes the present. On the other hand, when ideas, values, attitudes, beliefs and ideologies are taken as a group, help explains religious partiality, political directives, mores and extensive range of social associations. In addition, humans do or perform activities among specific group or society based on nationality, religion, ethnic boundaries and even occupation and academic, which later on collectively form the prescribed accepted behavior. (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. 2002). In 1997, culture was described by Geert Hofstede in his book, Cultures and Organizations as the â€Å"software of the mind†. While individuals all have the identical â€Å"hardware†, which is the human brain, their â€Å"software† or â€Å"programming† is rather diverse. It is an identical experience when interrelating with somebody from a dissimilar culture – their language, suppositions, body language and movement, morals, and other facets of their culture will not be logical when relocated to another’s orientation structure. There are three fundamental logical reasoning when it comes to culture, namely: 1. Superiority of experience in the fine arts and humanities; 2. A combined blueprint of human knowledge, trust, and manners that relies upon the aptitude for figurative thinking and social knowledge; and 3. The set of divided outlooks, principles, purposes, and practices that distinguishes an association, society or group. According to Holt and Wigginton (2002), culture is a concept in the field of anthropology that concerns with shared structure of attitudes, way of life, ownership, traits, tradition and morals that describes group actions, which can be observed in a family, ethnic group, a business organization or a society. Authority, leadership, work attitudes and ethical practices on the part of management are influenced by this shared structure. Workers also are influenced by cultural antecedents on how they recognize and understand quality performance, work responsibilities, their function in decision-making and attitude in following orders from superior, as well as insight of human rights. The daily demeanor of workers in terms of punctuality, following rules on safety standards and personal hygiene are also affected. Slight differences between any two or more cultural groups can be observed, which therefore requires sensitivity to understand cultural differences, especially in manners of proper handling of business transactions. This way, when difficulties are encounter they will be solved readily with positive results. Understanding Differences in Culture The basic requirements for human survival are standard, which means for people to live they need water, food, clothing, housing and security. However, scarcity of these necessities compels human to creatively expand manners of acquiring them in order to give solutions to these survival problems. For simple societies, economic and social behavior consists of uncomplicated activities like looking for and cooking food, crafting clothes, building houses and rearing children. On the other hand, for developed societies, roles go beyond work and domestic related actions and extend to production and distribution of goods and services in order to sustain their big areas of responsibilities. It is essential to know that differences in culture would mean that different cultures have a diversity of styles in looking at things, ways of dressing and expressing individuality and/or goodness. Education, social rank, religion, individuality, belief composition, precedent experience, warmth shown in the domicile, and a countless of other factors will influence an individual’s manners and mores. A good deal of dissimilarities in culture has something to do with foodstuff preparation, music, and what each culture considers good manners. There are really cultural and philosophy disparities and it is fine to have an appreciation about a civilization’s way of life. Hofstede’s Model of Cultural Dimensions A Dutch researcher by the name of Geert Hofstede made a cross-cultural study of organizational behavior using managers from different countries to produce profile of cultural differences. This model is the most famous Hofstede’s Model composed of five dimensions namely power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and long term orientation, which gives a comparative evaluation of group attributes. Said dimensions when used jointly, provide management sensible outlook regarding contradicting values and prototypes of manners among countries and groups. Power distance as a dimension relates to the degree of human inequalities. Hierarchical position and authority are the main focuses of a culture with high power distance. Less dominant member of the society acknowledge just being subordinates, who should always follow those who are leading. In societies with high power distance as exemplified by Japan, formal authority comes from the hierarchy where employees hardly ever go against a chain of command or subject into scrutiny the decisions of top management. The reverse is true with societies like the United States, Australia and New Zealand with low power distance, where both higher-ups and subordinates coordinate their decisions with one another and authority is not a big deal. However, for societies like Great Britain, Israel and Canada in particular, though they refuse to accept parity in social level, still they value the right of each person’s accomplishment (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. , 2002). Individualism pertains to the degree of initiative in becoming independent against that of collective endeavor. Societies with high individualism placed importance on personal triumphs, advancement, escapades and self-sufficiency. This implies ignoring the extensive necessities of the society and making oneself and ones family the priority. Contradictory, culture with low degree of individualism supports family relationship, group synchronization, social order and devote to compromised ideas. Uncertainty avoidance (Holt, D. & Wigginton, K. , 2002) is the degree of open-mindedness for uncertainty and ambiguity, particularly to man’s search for Truth. It means the feeling of contentment and discontentment in shapeless circumstances which are unusual, unknown and unexpected. For majority of the societies, their religious beliefs stand as their manner of knowing the Absolute Truth. Japanese culture for instance, typifies a society that avoids uncertainty by creating detailed laws and standards in consonance with the norms of the society. There are also societies with dual philosophical beliefs that they do not consider any Absolute Truth and so they accept uncertainty within their organizations. Canadians, as an example do not prioritize ceremonies and company rites unlike the Japanese. The degree of motivational behavior based on value systems that are depicted in terms of being masculine or feminine is another dimension in the Hofstede’s Model termed masculinity. The focus of the said model is not on biological perspectives; however, the behavior is portrayed using gender. In countries with high masculinity, like Japan, men work and hold top positions in organization, while women stay at home to perform household chores and nurture children. In other words, there are distinct roles that women and men do in society. The priorities of people living in societies with high masculinity are achievement, wealth and expansion. Working professionals spent much of their time in work related activities and seldom take vacations to relieve their stress. When confronted with problems, the manners of settling these conflicts are done aggressively. On the opposite, countries that score low in masculinity give significance to their family, relationships and quality of life. There is equality in terms of positions for both men and women which could be observed in all aspects of their lives. Negotiation for people in societies with low masculinity is the best way to resolve misunderstandings and disagreements. They are also fond of working in flexible hours to give way for more vacations and relaxation. The fifth and newest cultural dimension is the long term orientation, founded on the teaching of Confucius on the East. Countries with high long term orientation can be described as being persistent, thrifty, having a sense of shame and organizing and observing relationship by status. On the other hand, those cultures with short term orientation have personal control and firmness, shield ones â€Å"face†, value ritual and give back to greetings, favors, and gifts.

The Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic

The Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic This  timeline uses the Gracchi brothers attempt at reform as the starting point and ends when the Republic has given way to the Empire as evidenced by the rise of the first Roman emperor. The Gracchi brothers were  Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. The two  of them were politicians who represented the commoners in the Roman government. The brothers were progressive activists interested in land reforms to benefit the poor. In the 2nd century B.C,  the two  of them  tried to reform Romes social and political structure to help the lower classes.  Events surrounding the politics of the Gracchi led to the decline and eventual fall of the Roman Republic. Overlaps in Roman History Since beginnings and ends overlap, the final entries of this timeline could also be looked at as the beginning of the succeeding era of Roman history, the Imperial period. The beginning of the final period of Republican Rome likewise overlaps the middle of the Roman Republican period. The  End of the Roman Republic   133 B.C. Tiberius Gracchus tribune 123 - 122 B.C. Gaius Gracchus tribune 111 - 105 B.C. Jugurthine War 104 - 100 B.C. Marius consul. 90 - 88 B.C. Social War 88 B.C. Sulla and the First Mithridatic War 88 B.C. Sullas march on Rome with his army. 82 B.C. Sulla becomes dictator 71 B.C. Crassus crushes Spartacus 71 B.C. Pompey defeats Sertorius' rebellion in Spain 70 B.C. Consulship of Crassus and Pompey 63 B.C. Pompey defeats Mithridates 60 B.C. First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar 58 - 50 B.C. Caesar conquers Gaul 53 B.C. Crassus killed in (battle) of Carrhae 49 B.C. Caesar crosses the Rubicon 48 B.C. Pharsalus (battle); Pompey killed in Egypt 46 - 44 B.C. Caesars dictatorship 44 B.C. End of Civil War 43 B.C. Second Triumvirate: Marc Antony, Lepidus, Octavian 42 B.C. Philippi (battle) 36 B.C. Naulochus (battle) 31 B.C. Actium (battle) 27 B.C. Octavian emperor