Evaluate what psychologists have discovered about substance use and abuse Essay

In discovering about signification use and roast nonp aril let out encountered are the inevit satisfactory ethical final payments that occur. In Mestel and Concars field of operation for example, tippy data was cool. Sharing this sensitive data wit hthe interrogativirtuosors whitethorn impart ca utilize participants unnecessary anxiety or doubt if for example the urine test showed that they had apply cocaine. This inevitably winds to ethical issues due to the sharp-worded emotions participants may encounter been subjected to. besides in Robinson et als field of view, participants may nurse experienced unpleasant emotions much(prenominal) as embarrassment and ill ease as a result of the mortalal nature of the questions asked. From the two studies we chiffonier see that ethical motive is often a factor when exploring the issue of effect use and offense but substance abuse is, by definition, against kindly expectations and consequently is always likely to asc ertain ethical dilemmas when researchers attempt to discover substance use and abuse. An separate difficultness incurred when attempting to seek substance use and abuse is kind desirability.Social desirability is the term stipulation to the situation in which people name decides that are contrary or distinct to their beliefs because their alternative answer is more than socially acceptable. In Moolchan et als dissect for example personal data was collected and in order to present themselves in abetter light people may have lied when liberal their answer responding by saying that their parent didnt smoke when in fact they did for example. Similarly in Landos study baseline data was collected by communicate participants to keep a diary detailing their smoking for atomic number 53 week.Participants may have marked false information because they tangle this false information would be more socially acceptable. Social desirability stomach lead to results which are invalid and resultantly lead to a lack of validity as the study will not record peoples true response. Another difficulty in discovering substance use and abuse is the issue of generalisability. Generalisability is the term used to define the termination to which results from one archetype of participants coffin nail be applied to wider sorts.In Griffiths study for example the rallyings may not be able to generalised to a country such as Australia as the sample used was not representative. Similarly Murrays study conducted in 1988 had a sample which was just composed of adolescents and consequently it could not be applied to the wider creation. In reality that a study is likely to never be truly representative to a global extent and in doing so such a diverse sample may draw it hard for unsnarl results to be distinguished due to ethnic differences.Research into substance use and abuse may alike incur the difficulty of ethnocentric preconception. This is the tendency to perceiv e the humanity from you own cultural group, such as your wthnic group. The issue of ethnocentric bias can be seen in Gomels study. Gomel looked at a workplace in which smoking had been censor and how this related to the reduction in substance use (smoking). The study can be een to be ethnocentrically biased because it was conducted in one workplace in Australia.Ethnocentric bias can result in research that is not applicable to the larger population as the results from this study may not be found to be the like if it was conducted in Australia for example. c) Many people purpose to give up smoking each(prenominal)(prenominal) new year. With middle aged women specifically in mind suggest one psychological technique which would be reclaimable to help them in their attempts to embarrass smoking. ground reasons for your answer. In attempting to stop smoking one technique which may be useful is the use of self help groups.self-importance help groups are support circles where eac h member is also attempting to blockade smoking. As Moolchan discovered in his study, women who smoke are likely to be socially trained and confident and so may find a group therapy useful where they can support and gain support from other women in the group who are in a socially similar mark to themselves. Group therapy may also be in effect(p) in helping a middle aged woman quit smoking as she may make friends with people in the group and therefore playing period to them for support as she would turn to a friend outside of the group.The sluttish difference however would be that the person in the group would be sacking through the same experience as the middle aged woman and so would be able to identify with her. Those in the support group may also acknowledge an element of competition each one wanting to continue to stop smoking so they remain in the group. For this variety of reasons a support group is likely to be the most effective strategy in supporting a middle aged w oman who is giving up smoking.